Radiation Fallout Protection Videos
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ALERT: Radiation In Hawaii Milk At LEAST 2033% Above Federal Safe Drinking Limits!!!
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Direct Government Data for HILO: http://www.opendata.socrata.com/Government/Milk-Radnet-Laboratory-Analysis (This Site also may be conveniently out of order, as it was as of 10:45 PM,Tuesday, April 12,2011.)
Of the isotopes detected, radioactive iodine has a half-life of 8 days outside of the human body and 100 days inside of the body. The C-134 ha a half-life of 2.0652 years and the c-137 has a half-life of 30.17. C-135 with a half-life of over 2.3 million years is not reported as detected.
Radiation Toxicity Antidotes
(C) 2010 by John W. Apsley, II, MD(E), DC - www.doctorapsley.com
Q: What can I do now to protect myself from nuclear fall-out arriving from the meltdown of Japan's nuclear power plants?
A: The good news is that we can protect ourselves now. And furthermore, we may actually be able to use this incident to our advantage to induce unscheduled healing, if we keep on top of it.
What we must all do now is to fortify our internal cellular milieu and bring online our very own Regeneration Effect within. This turns the table in regards to Claude Bernard's principle of Strict Determinism, and enables us to achieve "what we damn well please" - that is - a favorable outcome. Specifically, we may still enjoy life free from the threat of low level radiation exposures, if we know exactly what to do. So let's begin...
SHORT TERM ANTIDOTES:
1. N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) is the most powerful short term quencher of ionizing radiation. It is a nutrient, a simple amino acid from protein. For adults (weighing above 150lbs) , it may be taken in dosages of 500mg to 600mg daily for protection from toxic metals and other poisons. For younger adults weighing 100lbs to 149lbs, 400mg to 500mg daily affords adequate protection in most situations. In children weighing less than 100lbs, but above 50lbs, 200mg daily is a suitable dose. For infants, toddlers or children weighing less than 50lbs, 50mg to 100mg daily may be used in juice, as long as no sensitivity to NAC arises (i.e., light skin rashes). In this manner, NAC may be used daily on an indefinite basis, as it is a harmless amino acid our bodies will use to establish antioxidant defenses and aid the immune system. It is also an adequate remover (i.e., chelator - from the Greek which means that which "grabs onto or claws into") of toxic metals from the body, such as radioactive cobalt and directly and indirectly uranium.44, 45, 46 Uranium is quite stubborn about exiting without a fight and could require baking soda to speed things up - see references at very end of page - plus melatonin.23 Liver protection from fall-out radioisotopes like uranium, plutonium, etc... is nicely accomplished via combining NAC + Sea Vegetables (see next) + Melatonin + Selenium + small amounts of baking soda (see number 7 below for all advisories). Lastly - rarely some adults are sensitive to NAC, so be aware of special advisories regarding its long term use. In those cases, use high-quality Whey products.6, 7
2. Iodide is also a first line of defense mineral supplement, since it can out-compete radioactive iodide from entering into our bodies.11 Kelp and other seaweeds are also excellent chelators of toxic metals from the body, especially if high fiber intake is also being incorporated into the diet.9, 10, 83, 84
Despite misinformation to the contrary, if you have no known allergy to shellfish or iodide, rationale supplementation with iodide can be a good thing. For average size adult women, daily Thyroid needs amount to 50mcg alone, while breast tissues, ovaries and other tissues collectively require up to 3000mcg daily. For men, their intake should be at least 1,000mcg daily, unless they are sensitive to the mineral.74, 75, 76 Eclectic physicians may use up to ten times or more of the female dose to treat chronic fatigue and advanced Fibromyalgia with great success,77 as well as to detoxify out of the system the toxic halides bromide, chloride and fluoride.78
For example, individual tablets of Kelp, Irish Moss or Dulse typically contain on average 200mcg of iodine. So, 5 tablets taken at once may equal 1,000mcg of iodine. If 5 tablets are taken at each meal, then the daily dose of iodine from these sources alone would approach 3,000mcg daily. However as referenced above, building up slowly to this level is essential, as iodine tends to rinse out toxic body burdens of toxic fluoride, bromide and chlorine if present. Therefore, when high levels of iodine are taken too quickly without building up to optimal levels, these toxic elements may exit en mass too quickly causing skin rashes, minor hair loss, or very rarely even asthmatic reactions. Eclectic physicians will neutralize this sensitivity with up to 3,000mg daily of Vitamin C.79 But by simply discontinuing the supplement for several days, skin or hair issues should quickly clear up on their own. But if you do experience anything more dramatic, check in with your doctor right away. So always increase slowly and according to tolerance to avoid getting into this kind of situation to begin with. Remember, iodine is an essential nutrient our bodies must have every day to make adequate levels of essential hormones.
If sensitivities to iodine do surface, and then clear after discontinuing, and you want to resume taking iodine supplements, check in with your doctor and see if he or she will allow you to begin taking 3,000mg of Vitamin C daily, and then give you the go-ahead to start with very small iodine of iodine daily (1/4 tablet daily). Slowly work up to a maximum of 1 tablet daily, and report to your doctor if your tolerance to iodine at this level of intake is secure. Gradually over time, most folks can up their dosage in this manner, although more slowly than other people. Several months down the road, one initially sensitive may find themselves able to take 400mcg to 1,000mcg daily if patience rules the process. In the rare event any intake of iodide causes resumption of symptoms, including minor hair loss, substitute Chlorella or Spirulina below.
3. Chlorella (and other blue green algae) is a superior protector and chelator of radioactive metals from the body and contains no less than 20 superior neutralizers to radioactive poisons. 5 per meal (250mg each or 1250mg per meal) is a great dose for adults, 3 per meal for young adults and children, and 1 per meal for the very young. Make sure the Chlorella brand you buy has the outer cell wall "cracked" for best absorption. More may be taken, but it is suggested to never exceed 40 tablets daily for adults. Spirulina is a very acceptable cheaper alternative, although the taste is more objectionable for children.3, 4, 29
4. High quality bone meal (rich in Calcium & Strontium Hydroxyapatite) will also protect against radioactive strontium poisoning and penetration of uranium into bone. 3 per meal as labeled is suggested for adults, young adults and children, and 1-2 per meal for the very young.12
5. Natural Vitamin E Complex - To stop cell membrane destruction. 800iu per day is an excellent dose for average adults, and 400iu per day for young adults and children. Toddlers and infants may be given 100iu per day in juice. (Side Note: Krill Oil, CoQ10(H) and Melatonin are more powerful than Vit. E, but also more expensive. See below...)
6. Consuming High fiber and seaweed dishes on a regular basis must be used to maximize the best effects of the above tools. These will help insure removal (chelation) of toxic radioactive metals from the body.
7. Baking soda - Should be taken only on rare occasions, that is, only if exposures to uranium or plutonium can be confirmed, even in trace amounts, for your area. Baking soda is an efficient means to remove these metals quickly (especially uranium). There are several medical conditions which contradict taking baking soda, so be sure you have doctor's clearance before consuming baking soda. Taking baking soda once weekly should pose no health threat if no other medical conditions are present which require restriction of sodium intake. For adults with no medical contraindications, and who have good reason to believe they have been exposed to traces of radioactive fall-out, especially uranium, taking 1 teaspoon of baking soda in 1 cup water or juice up to seven (7) times daily on an empty stomach - on one day out of every seven days - may be warranted. If you have a day of fasting each week, or one of light eating, this would be the perfect day to perform this procedure; but again, only if it has been confirmed you were likely exposed to extremely low levels of the radioactive heavy metals such as uranium. Please see the long list of abstracts regarding baking soda as an effective chelator of radioactive elements at the very end of this document).14, 15
LONG TERM ANTIDOTES (for maintenance):
- Bone Meal (protects against radioactive Strontium-90);
- Chlorella (protects against most radioactive metals);
- Kelp (protects against radioactive iodide and other radioactive metals);
- Pectin from fruits and jams - sugar-free & artificial sweetener-free (protects against Cesium-137);83
- Probiotics - several billion per capsule per meal (protects against radioactive Strontium-90);16, 17
- Food grade Zeolite from reputable sources (more on this wonderful substance in my upcoming book).101, 102, 103, 104
Under a doctor's supervision, baking soda coupled to the above are tools of choice to remove these toxic metals from the body quickly.
For adults, up to 7 teaspoons of baking soda daily in divided dosages on an empty stomach may be used short-term (over 6 consecutive days) to accomplish significant decontamination, with route & rate of administration carefully considered by the physician. Another acceptable dosage schedule is to perform the above every other day for two weeks on, then resting for two weeks off of the baking soda schedule.
Now, couple this protocol to the lipid membrane protocol listed below with added probiotic supplementation and as appropriate use Aloe, Noni juice and SAW with a strict diet of no refined carbohydrates, and many of the most serious cases may gain lasting relief.7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 23, 25
Where run-a-way inflammation has taken hold, quadruple NAC intake & follow the natural aspirin (80mg/day), omega 3 oils (3gm/Day or fish oils, or 1gm/day of Krill oil) & GLA (from borage oil - 2gm/day) with cherry concentrate, curcumin (up to 2gm/day) and boswellia (1gm/day), plus natural anti-histamines such as quercetin (250mg three times daily). See: http://doctorapsley.com/AspirinandSynergistsforCancer.aspx.
In the extremely unlikely event of more grave situations, intravenous administration of 5% baking soda (in 500cc), glutathione (2gm), reduced CoQ10 (300mg), sodium ascorbate (10gm), Omega 3 oils (2gm), NAC (5gm) and elemental selenium (1mg) as sodium selenite can be administered daily over the course of a week or two, with good success where patient is incapable of ingesting oral supplements.
Additionally, two herbal medicines which are very potent antidotes to high radiation exposure are: high-quality Aloe vera juice 20 (for any radiation burns, internal or external), and Noni juice 13 (Morinda citrifolia). Also, eliminate all refined sugar from the diet.
Very importantly, bowel movements are key to removing offending radioactive isotopes from the body and should utilize pectin or alginate or chitin laden fiber products, and as possible, a series of colonics utilizing 3% baking soda.
If skin exposure has been confirmed, then infrared saunas using niacin and intense sweats are key, so long as the sweat can be collected on towels during the twice daily 30 minute treatments which are properly disposed of.
Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that one species of structured water (Fullerene-C60) may be able to protect normal cells from harmful effects of radiation therapy while simultaneously enhancing results of radiation therapy.8 More studies are needed to confirm this theory.
Examples of Protection Schedules According to Body Weight & Budgetary Allowances
Q: What is the one, least expensive method to protect oneself from radioactive Fall-Out?
A: Eating an abundance of sea vegetables (all edible seaweeds) at each meal (chewed well), while eliminating all refined foods, especially sugar.9,10, 81 Sea vegetables are not only rich in iodine and other trace elements, but also in chlorophyll, alginate and selenium, substances very efficient at grabbing onto toxic metals and removing them from the body. Chlorophyll also aids in repair to damaged tissues. The key is liberating the goodies from sea vegetables, and cooking methods and blenders are helpful in this regard. Alternatively, Kelp or Irish Moss (also known as Bladderwart) or Dulse tablets can substitute for ingesting sea vegetables.
[SPECIAL NOTE # I: Most individual tablets of (1) Kelp, (2) Irish Moss or (3) Dulse - regardless of brand - contain 200mcg of iodine, plus or minus 50mcg. Each single tablet provides the minimal unit of which is an acceptable starting dosage of intake for all, providing no sensitivity to iodine is present. After all, these are simply tablets of sea vegetables, which have been consumed by human beings for millennia].
[SPECIAL NOTE # II: When sensitivity to iodine is an issue, and Vitamin C does not calm the sensitivity,79 substitute the more expensive (4) green-algae Chlorella (cell-wall cracked) or the lesser expensive (5) blue-green algae Spirulina to safely intervene against radioactive Fall-Out].34, 35, 36, 37
Q: What are the top two tools to protect oneself from initial stages of radioactive Fall-Out?
A: NAC & Kelp (must not be allergic to shellfish or iodine. If allergic, switch off of Kelp and onto Chlorella or Spirulina):
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 500mg to 600mg NAC at breakfast, and 5 Kelp tablets with each meal.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 300mg to 500mg NAC at breakfast, and 3 tablets of Kelp with each meal.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 100mg to 250mg NAC at breakfast, and 1 tablet of Kelp with each meal sprinkled into juice.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 50mg to 100mg NAC, and 1 tablet Kelp daily sprinkled into juice.
Q: What are the top two least expensive tools to protect oneself from initial stages of radioactive Fall-Out?
A: Kelp & Spirulina (plus high fiber foods such as raw apples, pears, grapes, cherries, plums, blue berries, etc...).80, 81
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 5 tablets of Kelp & 5 tablets Spirulina with each meal.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 3 tablets of Kelp & 3 tablets Spirulina with each meal.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 1 tablet of Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella(E) with each meal sprinkled into juice.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella daily sprinkled into juice.
Q: What are the top three tools to protect oneself from initial stages of radioactive Fall-Out?
A: NAC, Kelp and Chlorella.
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 500mg to 600mg NAC at breakfast, 5 Kelp tablets & 5 Chlorella tablets with each meal.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 300mg to 500mg NAC at breakfast, 3 tablets of Kelp & 3 Chlorella tablets with each meal.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 100mg to 200mg NAC at breakfast, 1 tablet of Kelp & 1 tablet of Chlorella with each meal sprinkled into juice.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 50mg to 100mg NAC, 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella daily sprinkled into juice.
Q: What are the top four tools to protect oneself from initial stages of radioactive Fall-Out?
A: NAC, Kelp, Chlorella and Krill Oil.
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 500mg to 600mg NAC at breakfast, 5 Kelp tablets & 5 Chlorella tablets with each meal + 1 cap Krill Oil.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 300mg to 500mg NAC at breakfast, 3 tablets of Kelp & 3 Chlorella tablets with each meal + 1 cap Krill Oil.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 100mg to 250mg NAC at breakfast, 1 tablet of Kelp & 1 tablet of Chlorella with each meal crushed & sprinkled into juice + 1 cap Krill oil squeezed & blended into milk or juice.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 50mg to 100mg NAC, 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella daily crushed & sprinkled into juice + 1 cap Krill Oil squeezed & blended into milk or juice.
Q: If the lipid membranes are the core issue to The Petkau Effect, what are the best tools to prevent membrane damage during initial stages of contamination?
A: Many physicians would chose R-alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) as their first choice since it will powerfully retard lipid membrane ionization. But unfortunately, lipoic acid tends to bind metals and deposit them into the nucleus of cells (as opposed to removing them from the body).24, 26 Therefore, it is best to use Krill oil, or 'reduced' co-enzyme Q10 [CoQ10(H)], or Natural Vitamin E(D) and Melatonin to accomplish a better end result. Krill oil, CoQ10(H) and Vitamin E would neutralize the ionizing effects onsite, while Melatonin would also seek to safely remove the offending radioactive particle from the body (via the bile route of elimination provided there is adequate fiber).7, 21, 23, 25 In order of strength, Krill Oil reigns supreme, then CoQ10(H), then Melatonin, and finally Vitamin E. But for the kinds of low dose exposures North America is likely to receive, natural Vitamin E complex should provide adequate protection if taken ahead of exposures. Melatonin is a superior multitasking nutrient and so serves purposes beyond the others. Therefore, this is a prudent tool to include if budget allows. In summary, budget prudently for the suggested schedules below, and if necessary, eliminate Krill oil in favor of Vitamin E, eliminate NAC in favor of extra Chlorella, and substitute Spirulina over Chlorella to save money as necessary.
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 500mg to 600mg NAC + 800iu Natural Vit. E at breakfast + 1 cap Krill oil; 5 Kelp tablets, 5 Chlorella tablets with each meal; and 10mg Melatonin at bedtime.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 300mg to 500mg NAC + 400iu Natural Vit. E at breakfast + 1 cap Krill oil; 3 tablets of Kelp & 3 Chlorella tablets with each meal, and 3mg Melatonin at bedtime.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 100mg to 250mg NAC + 200iu Natural Vit. E at breakfast + 1 cap Krill oil squeezed & mixed into milk or juice; 1 tablet of Kelp & 1 tablet of Chlorella with each meal; and 1mg Melatonin at bedtime.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 50mg to 100mg NAC, 100iu Natural Vit. E, 1 cap Krill Oil squeezed & mixed into milk or juice, 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella daily sprinkled into juice; and 500mcg chewable Melatonin at bedtime.
Q: In view of the long term consequences from nuclear power plant meltdown, what maintenance schedules should be incorporated to best help us all prevent cancer decades down the road?
A: Kelp, Spirulina, Natural Vitamins C & E,(D) high-quality Bone Meal, high-end probiotics (acidophilus), and Melatonin + selenium along with my Getting Started tab above for complete menu planning.
Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 400iu Natural Vit. E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics at breakfast; 2 Kelp tablets, 3 Spirulina tablets & 2 Bone Meal tablets with each meal; and 10mg Melatonin at bedtime with 400mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is to be ingested daily.
Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 400iu Natural Vit. E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics at breakfast; 2 tablets of Kelp, 2 Spirulina tablets & 2 Bone meal tablets with each meal, and 3mg Melatonin at bedtime with 400mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is to be ingested daily.
Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 200iu Natural Vit. E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics at breakfast; 1 tablet of Kelp, 1 tablet of Chlorella and one Bone Meal with each meal (all sprinkled into juice as appropriate); and 1mg chewable Melatonin at bedtime with 100mcg - 200mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is to be consumed daily. Chewable Vitamin C tablets may be substituted IF the brand is LOW in sugar.
Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 100iu Natural Vit. E, 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics plus 2 Bone Meal capsules opened & sprinkled into juice daily; and 500mcg chewable Melatonin at bedtime with 50mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Lastly, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is attempted to be given daily. Chewable Vitamin C tablets may be substituted IF the brand is LOW in sugar.
Best Long Term Protocol: I (Dr. Apsley) have an extended family, with children ranging in ages from 34 down to 11, and three grandkids ages 4 & 2 years of age. My recommended maintenance schedules to my family are provided below: Ø Average adults (weighing +150lbs): 250mg to 300mg NAC + 400iu Natural Vitamin E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics & 3 capsules Krill Oil at breakfast; 2 Kelp tablets, 3 Chlorella tablets & 2 Bone Meal tablets with each meal; and 10mg Melatonin at bedtime with 400mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one to three effervescent Vitamin C drinks are to be ingested daily. Ø Young adults and larger children (weighing 100lbs - 149lbs): 250mg to 300mg NAC + 400iu Natural Vit. E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics & 2 caps Krill Oil at breakfast; 2 tablets of Kelp, 2 Chlorella tablets & 2 Bone meal tablets with each meal, and 3mg Melatonin at bedtime with 400mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is to be ingested daily. Ø For smaller children (weighing 50lbs - 99lbs): 100mg NAC + 200iu Natural Vit. E plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics & 1 cap Krill Oil at breakfast; 1 tablet of Kelp, 1 tablet of Chlorella and one Bone Meal with each meal (all sprinkled into juice as appropriate); and 1mg chewable Melatonin at bedtime with 100mcg - 200mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Also, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is to be consumed daily. Chewable Vitamin C tablets may be substituted IF the brand is LOW in sugar. Ø For the very young (weighing less than 50lbs): 50mg to 100mg NAC, 100iu Natural Vit. E, 1 tablet Kelp & 1 tablet Chlorella plus 1 capsule high potency Probiotics plus 2 Bone Meal capsules opened & sprinkled into juice daily; and 500mcg chewable Melatonin at bedtime with 50mcg selenium from selenomethionate. Lastly, one effervescent Vitamin C drink is attempted to be given daily. Chewable Vitamin C tablets may be substituted IF the brand is LOW in sugar. Q: If I am pregnant or am a nursing mother, what can I do to antidote my exposures to radiation without harming my baby? A: This is a great subject. If you have good reason to believe you are being exposed to traces of nuclear fall-out, going very slowly but 'preemptively' is the key. Or proceed according to your doctor's instructions. Never take baking soda if pregnant or nursing, unless instructed to do so by your physician. The below presumes you are already taking a HIGH POTENCY doctor approved prenatal or nursing multivitamin/multimineral supplement. Drink lots of SAW & eat lots of fiber!!! And do not use microwave ovens please! See my Getting Started tab above. Ø Starting Schedule for Pregnant and Nursing Mothers: 1 tablet of Chlorella (or 1 tablet Spirulina) + 1 tablet High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 500mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If you experience difficulties of any kind, go through a process of elimination to find the offending item(s). Then restart sequence. Ø Second Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 1 tablet of Chlorella (or 1 tablet Spirulina) + 1 tablet High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 500mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 1 tablet Kelp. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Starting Schedule. Ø Third Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 1 tablet of Chlorella (or 1 tablet Spirulina) + 1 tablet High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 500mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 1 tablet Kelp plus 1 capsule Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil). If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Second Schedule. Ø Fourth Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 2 tablets of Chlorella (or 2 tablets Spirulina) + 2 tablets High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 500mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 1 tablet Kelp plus 1 capsule Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil). If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Third Schedule. Ø Fifth Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 2 tablets of Chlorella (or 2 tablets Spirulina) + 2 tablets High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil). If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Fourth Schedule. Ø Sixth Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 3 tablets of Chlorella (or 3 tablets Spirulina) + 3 tablets High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil). If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Fifth Schedule. Ø Seventh Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 3 tablets of Chlorella (or 3 tablets Spirulina) + 3 tablets High Quality Bone Meal with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 1 capsule probiotics plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil) + 250mg NAC. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Sixth Schedule. Ø Eighth Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 3 tablets of Chlorella (or 3 tablets Spirulina) + 3 tablets High Quality Bone Meal plus 1 probiotic with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil) + 250mg NAC. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Seventh Schedule. Ø Ninth Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 3 tablets of Chlorella (or 3 tablets Spirulina) + 3 tablets High Quality Bone Meal plus 1 capsule probiotic with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil) + 400mg NAC, and take 1mg of Melatonin at bedtime. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, continue onto the next schedule... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Eighth Schedule. Ø Tenth & Final Schedule for Pregnant & Nursing Mothers: 3 tablets of Chlorella (or 3 tablets Spirulina) + 3 tablets High Quality Bone Meal plus 1 capsule probiotics with each meal. Then at only one meal per day take: 200iu Natural Vitamin E plus 100mcg organic selenium and 1,000mg Vitamin C plus 2 tablets Kelp plus 2 capsules Krill oil (or Fish Liver Oil) + 400mg NAC, and take 3mg of Melatonin at bedtime. If after three days of taking above, no nausea or other discomfort arises if you are pregnant, or no mild skin rash or colic arises in your nursing baby, or any other suspicious symptom, you may remain at this final schedule indefinitely... If problems arise, discontinue until symptoms abate and resume the Ninth Schedule. The above schedules are designed to build intracellular glutathione stores via melatonin, selenium and NAC rapidly over time - the key molecule the body uses to eliminate radioactive metals through the bile - plus adequate antioxidant reserves such as Vitamin E which defend against lipid and genetic associated free-radicals.23, 48 The above list of nutrients also doubles as valuable nutritional items that all human beings can use, providing no allergy or sensitivity arises with their use. Q: What can I do to antidote my exposures to radiation therapy for my cancer?
A: Radiation toxicity from any source, including the after effects of radioablative therapy, can be detoxified or lessened and even reversed by the use of colloidal Regeneration Factors or cRFsTM.38, 39, 40, 65 Just be sure to take after radioablative therapy has completed or is placed on hold. cRFsTM derive from select raw foods which contain high amounts of RNA or nucleoproteins as found in organ meats, nuts & seeds, sprouts, food-grade algae and bee pollen.(C) Folks who tend to get gouty cannot take high amounts of these select foods sources, but usually can handle some intake providing the source is raw and not cooked. For example, food grade algae products, which are raw, can serve such folks well if lots of SAW is being ingested as well. All protocols for diet under this website are high in these factors, i.e., SAW plus RNA-cRFsTM.
For an average size adult, the foremost factors one should focus on to reduce the toxic after affects from radioablative therapy are:
A. NAC (as above);6
B. Chlorophyll (found in sea vegetables, and richest in Chlorella or Spirulina - 5 per meal for adults);3, 4
C. cRFsTM - As found in Chlorella, Spirulina and organic organ meats such as liver, spleen and thymus in freeze-dried format. When taking capsules of organic
glandulars without algae products as above, up to a combined 12 to 18 capsules per day for an average adult is optimal. When taking with algae products
according to the above dosages, cut this amount in 1/2);1, 2, 65
D. Krill oil or Vitamin E Complex (including delta and gamma tocopherols and tocotrienols taken as above). Krill oil is 300 times more powerful than Vitamin E
and 34 times more powerful than CoQ10 for reducing free-radical damage, mainly to cellular lipid membranes in the body;7, 21, 27, 28, 65
E. Lipoic acid as R-alpha lipoic acid (100mg three times daily for adults, 100mg daily for young adults and children, 25mg - 50mg daily for the very young - when
no toxic metal particles are involved - just gamma rays);7
F. Melatonin (1mg to 20mg at bedtime for adults, ≤ 1mg to 3mg for children and young adults respectively);5
G. Reduced CoQ10 or Ubiquinol (100mg daily for adults, 50mg per day for smaller adults and children, 25mg daily for the very young);7, 21
H. Vitamin C and Quercetin (1,000mg three times daily and 100mg three times daily respectively);7, 21
I. Organic Selenium as selenomethionate or when grown into kelp or other foods (400mcg - 600mcg daily for adults, 200mcg - 400mcg daily for young adults,
200mcg daily for children, 50mcg - 100mcg daily for the very young).21
J. Probiotics (1 per meal) + high-grade Aloe (1 ounce of liquid taken with each meal or 1 capsule of 200X - with Aloin removed).
In some cases, the intestinal tract can become severely irritated from combinations of chemotherapy with radiation therapy. For such cases, some of the above items may further irritate the gut, such as too much Vitamin C. Shifting emphasis to cRFsTM, Omega 3 oils, and chlorophyll (all especially rich in green and blue-green algae products), plus probiotics, high quality whey products and digestive enzymes may be essential to properly recover for the long term. The key is to isolate individual nutrients one at a time if any group of them induces more gut irritation. Play process of elimination, and you can often figure out what really works for you. If any confusion remains, your holistic trained doctor can adjust the above dosages down or up according to your weight.
Dividing dosages of NAC into smaller amounts:
Simply take one capsule of NAC and pour it into an exact amount of water. For example, with 500mg capsules, use 5 ounces of water, and for 600mg capsules use 6 ounces of water. Then take the exact amount of NAC you need according to the number of ounces you need per meal to achieve your objectives according to body weight. Refrigerate the remainder of NAC water in between meals to preserve freshness.
Strongly suggested additions to the diet:
All manner and selections of sea vegetables (seaweed dishes) are the first choice along with washed organic fruits.9, 10, 80, 81, 83
Washing of fruits and vegetables:
If fruits or vegetables are suspected to have been exposed to Fall-Out, washing them with water and baking soda should remove the particles on the skin of the fruits. Simply mix two tablespoons per pint of water for a rinse, and that should pull off most of the radioactive particles clinging to the outer skin. Once these radioactive particles enter into the food supply chain, they will be absorbed into the fruit or vegetable. This is why it is essential in my view to be regular about taking daily supplementation as suggested above, and according to your doctor's instructions, since it is proven we can both protect and then remove radioactive particles efficiently from our bodies once absorbed.84
Always restore the body's own self-healing system first. Then the "footing" of all other natural healing tools employed will have the advantage of driving forward from the high-ground. cRFsTM are key to this strategy when dealing with all radiation toxicity situations, as is abundant SAW and plenty of fresh air. With so much to gain, and so little to lose, why not at least consider a sound maintenance schedule for you and your family?
For comprehensive, well-documented, authoritative reports on U.S. government official misinformation campaigns, outright propaganda policies and misconduct regarding radiation threats to the American public, first see: http://www.hss.energy.gov/HealthSafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/index.html then see: http://www.laka.org/docu/boeken/pdf/6-01-4-80-46.pdf and finally see: http://www.breastcancerfund.org/assets/pdfs/publications/state-of-the-evidence-2010.pdf
Highly Suggested Additional Reading:
________________________________________________
1. See Chapters 7 - 11 and especially 13: http://www.hss.energy.gov/HealthSafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/index.html
2. Brownstein D, Iodine: Why You Need It, Why You Can't Live Without It. 4th Edition, Medical Alternative Press, West Bloomfield, MI.
ISBN: 978-0-9660882-3-6.
3. Graeub R. The Petkau Effect: Nuclear Radiation, People and Trees, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1992.
ISBN: 0-941423-72-7.
4. Gould JM, Goldman BA. Deadly Deceit: Low Level Radiation High Level Cover-Up, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1990.
ISBN: 0-941423-35-2.
5. Gould JM. The Enemy Within: High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1996.
ISBN: 1-56858-06605.
6. McGarity TO, Wagner WE. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-674-04714-3.
7. Walker JS. Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2000.
ISBN: 0-520-22328-4.
References:
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(A). Abram Petkau, MD, PhD, performed nuclear radiation research under the Atomic Energy of Canada, Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment in Pinowa, Manitoba during the early 1970's. Also see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petkau_effect (B). For a complete review on low-level radiation dangers and cover-ups, please see: Gould JM, Sternglass EJ, Mangano JJ, and McDonnell W. The Enemy Within. Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, NY (1996); and Gould JM, Goldman BA. Deadly Deceit: Low-Level Radiation High-Level Coverup. 2nd ed. Four Walls Eight Windows, New York NY (1991). (C). See upcoming eBook The Regeneration Effect, Volume 1, for complete documentation covering this subject and the items listed above. See: http://doctorapsley.com/EBooks.aspx (D). By "Natural Vitamin E" it is meant that no "dl" alpha tocopherol is present (only the "d' form is natural) and that other fractions of the Vitamin E Complex are present; for example, the gamma & delta fractions, plus tocotrienols. (E). Spirulina often tastes objectionable to children when sprinkled into drinks, but Chlorella is commonly readily accepted when added into sweet natural juices or enough milk. By milk, we don't necessarily mean cow's milk, but rather nut milks or raw certified goat's milk. (F). See: http://www.breastcancerfund.org/assets/pdfs/publications/state-of-the-evidence-2010.pdf pp. 61-5. (G). See: http://doctorapsley.com/Hypothyroidism.aspx (H). Americium-241 (which comes from the decay within nuclear reactors of Plutonium-244) with half life of ~432 years; Americium-242 with half life of ~1,444 years; Americium-243 with half-life of ~7,370 years; Barium-140 (which comes from Cesium-137 decay) with half-life of ~13 days; Cesium-137 (which comes from the decay within nuclear reactors of Uranium-235) with a half-life of ~30 years; Iodine-131 (which comes from the decay within nuclear reactors of both Plutonium-244 & Uranium-235) with a half-life of ~8 days; Plutonium-244 with a half-life of ~80 years; Plutonium-239 with a half-life of ~24,000 years; Plutonium-238 with a half-life of ~88 years; Strontium-90 (which comes from the decay within nuclear reactors of both Plutonium-244 & Uranium-235) with a half-life of ~29 years; Tellurium-132 (which comes from the decay within nuclear reactors of both Plutonium-244 & Uranium-235) with a half-life of ~3 days; Uranium-238 with a half-life of ~4.5 Billion years; Uranium-235 (most common radioactive isotope from nuclear reactors) with a half-life of ~700 million years; Uranium-234 with a half-life of ~250,000 years; Xenon-133 (which comes from Uranium-235) with a half life of ~5 days, and decays into Cesium-133; Yttrium-91 (which comes from Strontium-90) with a half-life of ~59 days; and Yttrium-90 with a half-life of ~64 hours. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_products_(by_element) (I). See: http://www.infoukes.com/history/chornobyl/zuzak/page-08.html. Patrick Reid of ALARA Research, Inc. addressed the following question related to the explosive potential of the outer coating to the Chernobyl fuel rods - Zirconium oxide (also known as Zircaloy)... Q: "Did the following reaction (which is presumably exothermic above 1800 Celsius) occur during the Chornobyl explosion? 2(H2O) + Zr --> ZrO2 + 2(H2)." A: "The exothermic Zircaloy-steam reaction is exothermic for all temperatures. The reaction rate becomes of some importance in typical CANDU accident analysis for temperatures >~1200 C. There is a significant increase in the reaction rate at ~1500 C, above which the reaction can "take off" under conditions in which the supply of oxygen is sufficient. Such takeoff will lead to temperature escalation which is not terminated until either the Zircaloy is totally consumed, significant heat transfer is provided to the Zircaloy, or the reaction becomes oxygen starved." Patrick Reid e-mail: pjreid@mi.net ALARA Research, Inc. Saint John, Nb. Canada Voice: (506) 674-9099 Fax: (506) 674-9197. (J). So called normal background radiation levels are stated to be 2.4 millisieverts (2.4 mSv) per year, or 0.24 rems per year. Put another way, normal levels of background radiation we are exposed to average 0.00017 mSv to 0.00039 mSv per hour according to the Worl Nuclear Association. For comparision, an average CAT scan exposes a person to 6.9 mSv, or 0.69 rems. See: Reuters. How much radiation is dangerous? Tokyo, March 27, 2011; First Published: 15:49 IST(27/3/2011); Last Updated: 15:51 IST(27/3/2011). (Sources: Taiwan Atomic Energy Council, World Nuclear Association, US Department of Transportation, US Environmental Protection Agency.) © Copyright 2011 Hindustan Times. (K). In Tokyo, CNN reported on March 25th that at least 17 workers at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant had been exposed to over 100 mSv of radiation; and three were exposed in less than 1 hour to over 170 mSv of radiation. For practical purposes, 1 rad equals 1 rem which equals 10 mSv. Linear model of risks from exposures to radiation rays (not applicable to tissue adsorbed particles) established by the U.S. EPA: 5 rems to 10 rems equals 50 mSv to 100 mSv. These levels of exposure cause unhealthy changes to blood chemistry; 50 rems equals 500 mSv. These levels of exposure cause nausea within hours after exposure and damage to the lymphatic system (spleen, bone marrow & lymph nodes); 70 rems equals 700 mSv. These levels of exposure cause immediate vomiting and more extensive damage to the lymphatic system; 75 rems equals 750 mSv. These levels of exposure cause immediate vomiting and hair loss within 2-3 weeks and more profound damage to the lymphatic system; 90 rems equals 900 mSv. These levels of exposure cause immediate vomiting, later diarrhea, then hair loss within 2-3 weeks and more profound damage to the lymphatic system; 100 rems equals 1,000 mSv. These levels of exposure cause all of the above plus hemorrhage (spontaneous bleeding) of most affected tissues, either externally or internally; 400 rems equals 4,000 mSv. Frequently death results, but may be aggressively treated to prevent death; 1,000 rems equals 10,000 mSv. Massive destruction of intestinal tract and massive internal bleeding, commonly resulting in death within 1-2 weeks; 2,000 rems equals 20,000 mSv. Immediate massive brain damage and loss of consciousness within minutes. Fatal within hours.
(L). There are 23 GE Mark1 Boiling Water Reactors in the U.S. of the same design as those at Fukushima. Prior to 1980, due to concerns about a complete meltdown of such reactors, the Atomic Energy
Commission reported in its WASH-740-Update: "The possible size of the area of such a disaster might be equal to that of the State of Pennsylvania."
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Tennant.)
71. Marshall AC. Gulf war depleted uranium risks. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;18(1):95-108. Epub 2007 Feb 14. 72. Horner RD, et al. Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans. Neurology. 2003 Sep 23;61(6):742-9. 73. Kasarskis EJ, et al. Clinical aspects of ALS in Gulf War veterans. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Feb;10(1):35-41. 74. Abraham GE, The Wolff-Chaikoff effect of increasing iodide intake on the thyroid. Townsend Letter, 2003;(245):100-1. 75. Abraham GE, Flechas JD, Hakala JC. Optimum levels of iodine for greatest mental and physical health. The Original Internist, 2000;9:5-20. See: http://www.optimox.com/pics/Iodine/IOD-01/IOD_01.htm 76. Abraham GE. The safe and effective implementation of orthoiodosupplementation in medical practice. The Original Internist, 2004 Apr;11:17-36. See: http://www.optimox.com/pics/Iodine/IOD-05/IOD_05.html 77. Abraham GE, Flechas JD. The effect of daily ingestion of 100mg iodine combined with high doses of Vitamins B2 and B3 (ATP cofactors) in five subjects with Fibromyalgia. The Original Internist, 2008 Mar;15(1):8-15. See: http://www.optimox.com/pics/Iodine/IOD-21/IOD_21.htm 78. Abraham GE. Iodine supplementation markedly increases urinary excretion of fluoride and bromide. Townsend Letter, 2003;(238):108-9. 79. Abraham GE, Brownstein D. Evidence that the administration of Vitamin C improves a defective cellular transport mechanism for iodine: A case report. The Original Internist. 2005;12(3):125-30. See: http://www.optimox.com/pics/Iodine/IOD-11/IOD_11.htm 80. Bandazhevskaya GS, Nesterenko VB, Babenko VI, Yerkovich TV, Bandazhevsky YI. Relationship between caesium (137Cs) load, cardiovascular symptoms, and source of food in 'Chernobyl' children -- preliminary observations after intake of oral apple pectin. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004 Dec 18;134(49-50):725-9. 81. Hollriegl V, Rohmuss M, Oeh U, Roth P. Strontium biokinetics in humans: influence of alginate on the uptake of ingested strontium. Health Phys. 2004 Feb;86(2):193-6. 82. Gong YF, et al. Suppression of radioactive strontium absorption by sodium alginate in animals and human subjects. Biomed Environ Sci. 1991 Sep;4(3):273-82. 83. Hill P, Schläger M, Vogel V, Hille R, Nesterenko AV, Nesterenko VB. Studies on the current 137Cs body burden of children in Belarus--can the dose be further reduced? Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2007;125(1- 4):523-6. 84. Nesterenko VB, Nesterenko AV. Decorporation of Chernobyl radionuclides. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Nov;1181:303-10. 85. Mangano JJ. Childhood leukemia in US may have risen due to Fall Out from Chernobyl, BMJ. 1997 Apr 19;314(7088):1200. 86. Graeub R. The Petkau Effect: Nuclear Radiation, People and Trees, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1992. ISBN: 0-941423-72-7. 87. Gould JM, Goldman BA. Deadly Deceit: Low Level Radiation High Level Cover-Up, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1990. ISBN: 0-941423-35-2. 88. Gould JM. The Enemy Within: High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors, Four Walls Eight Windows, NY, 1996. ISBN: 1-56858-06605. 89. Walker JS. Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2000. ISBN: 0-520-22328-4. 90. See: http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330a1.html 91. See: http://www.infowars.com/fukushima-reactor-2-radiation-10-million-times-above-safe-level/ 92. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12892383 93. See: http://www.hss.energy.gov/HealthSafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/index.html Especially Chapters 7 - 11 & 13. This will tell you unequivocally we cannot trust our government on issues relating on radiation exposures to the U.S. general public. 94. Op. cit. Deadly Deceit; pp. 71-3. 95. Op. cit. The Enemy Within; pp. 1-13. 96. McGarity TO, Wagner WE. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010. pp. 34-6. 97. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster 98. See: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/chernobyl-deaths-180406/ 99. Yablokov AV, Nesterenko VB, Nesterenko AV. Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) (paperback ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 Dec; Volume 1181. ISBN 978-1573317573. Also see: http://www.talkradionews.com/news/2011/3/25/fukushima-crisis-could-have-long-term-impact-claims-chernoyb.html 100. See: www.radiation.org 101. Chapman KW, Chupas PJ, Nenoff TM. Radioactive iodine capture in silver-containing mordenites through nanoscale silver iodide formation. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jul 7;132(26):8897-9. 102. Zhang GH, Liu XS, Thomas JK. Radiation induced physical and chemical processes in zeolite materials. Radiation Physics And Chemistry, 1998 Feb;51(2):135-52. 103. Dyer A, Las T, Zubair M. The Use of Natural Zeolites for Radioactive Waste Treatment: Studies on Leaching from Zeolite/Cement Composites. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2000; 243(3):839-41. 104. Forberg S, Jones B, Westermark T. Can zeolites decrease the uptake and accelerate the excretion of radio-caesium in ruminants? Sci. Total Environ. 1989;79:37–41. 105. See Reuters: http://ca.reuters.com/article/idCATRE72A0SS20110328 which reported the startling finding of Plutonium-238/239/240. 106. See Bloomberg: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-25/cows-in-japan-barred-from-grazing-as-radiation-leaks-from-fukushima-plant.html which reported the findings on radioactive Cobalt, Cesium & Iodide. 107. Leon JD, et al. Nuclear Experiment: Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima, Japan, reactor incident as measured in Seattle, WA, USA, Cornell University Library (Submitted on 24 Mar 2011 (v1), last revised 25 Mar 2011 (this version, v2)), arXiv.org > nucl-ex > arXiv:1103.4853. See: http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26571/ which found radioactive Cesium-137/134, Iodide-133/132/131, and Tellurium-132 likely arriving from Fukushima Fall-Out landing in Seattle, WA. 108. See: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42280076 110. See: http://karlgrossman.blogspot.com/2011/03/hydrogen-zirconium-flashbulbs-and.html 111. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircaloy112. 112. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents 113. See: http://www.espi-metals.com/msds's/Zirconium.htm. This link definitely confirms Zircaloy particle coatings can explode. 114. See: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/asia/26japan.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 115. See: http://www.fpl.com/environment/nuclear/nukebook_measuring_radiation.shtml 116. See: Fox News report, Channel 360, Special Report with Bret Baier, 15:25 PST, April 1st, 2011. 117. Op. cit. The Enemy Within; p. 115 & Appendix D, pp. 321-9. 118. See: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42371032/ns/world_news-asiapacific/. And see: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/31/japans-nuclear-rescuers-inevitable-die-weeks/?test=latestnews 119. Fox News Reporting: The Disaster in Japan with Sheppard Smith, Channel 360, 20:30 PST, April 2nd, 2001. 120. See: http://www.llrc.org/plutonium/subtopic/plutonium_pollution.htm 121. See: http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/bay-area/2011/04/radiation-bay-area-rainwater-high-weakening 122. See: http://mgx.com/blogs/2011/03/26/study-indicates-fukushima-already-a-chernobyl-level-event/ 123. See: http://transport.nilu.no/browser/fpv_fuku?fpp=conccol_Xe-133_;region=NH 124. See: http://www.breastcancerfund.org/assets/pdfs/publications/state-of-the-evidence-2010.pdf 125. See: http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2011/mar/19/experts-say-keep-spraying-reactors/ 128. See: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=update-1-un-expert-sees-no-serious 129. See: http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Chernob 130. Wing S, Richardson DB, Hoffmann W. Cancer Risks near Nuclear Facilities: The Importance of Research Design and Explicit Study Hypotheses. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Apr;119(4):417-21. Epub 2010 Dec 6. PMID:21147606. See: Wing-1997.pdf 131. Wing S, Richardson D, Armstrong D. Reply to comments on "A reevaluation of cancer incidence near the Three Mile Island". Environ Health Perspect. 1997 Mar;105(3):266-8. See: Wing-1997-A.pdf 132. Wing S, Richardson D, Armstrong D, Crawford-Brown D. A reevaluation of cancer incidence near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant: the collision of evidence and assumptions. Environ Health Perspect. 1997 Jan;105(1):52-7. PMID: 9074881 See: Wing-2011.pdf 133. See: http://www.radiation.org/reading/RadioactiveBabyTeethChapter.html 134. See: http://www.ratical.org/radiation/SecretFallout/ 136. See: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/7942551/fukushima_daiichi_nuclear_plant_workers.html?cat=8 137. See: http://www.microwavenews.com/ 138. See: Irradiation Fact Sheet 2007.pdf 139. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-industrial_complex 140. See: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/world/asia/06tepco.html?ref=asia and see: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/16/us-japan-quake-trust-idUSTRE72F0TL20110316 141. See: http://ca.reuters.com/article/idCATRE72A0SS20110328 142. See: http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/05_38.html 145. See: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/06/tepco-nitrogen-fukushima-reactor-japan
Also see abstracts below:
________________________________________________
Seaweeds & Kelp:
Kitasato Arch Exp Med. 1992 Dec;65(4):209-16.
Suppression of 125I-uptake in mouse thyroid by seaweed feeding: possible preventative effect of dietary seaweed on internal radiation injury of the thyroid by radioactive iodine.
Maruyama H, Yamamoto I.
Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Hygienic Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
Abstract
We conducted an animal experiment to determine how dietary seaweeds rich in iodine and dietary fibers suppress radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid, using mice and four kinds of experimental diets, three with 1% or 2% powdered fronds of the kelp Laminaria religiosa and 2% powdered laver Porphyra yezoensis, and one with cellulose. Iodine content of a hot-water extract of the kelp was 0.530 +/- 0.001%, and its dietary fiber (DF) values were 52.8 +/- 1.2%. Iodine in an extract of the laver was 0.008 +/- 0.001%, and its DF values were 41.4% +/- 0.7%. A statistically significant reduction of 125I uptake by the thyroid, 3 hours after intragastric administration of the radionuclide at a dosage of 18.5 kBq or 185 kBq in 0.3 ml aqueous solution per mouse, was observed in mice previously fed the experimental diets containing 1% and 2% kelp during periods varying from 24 hours to 7 days. The degree of the suppression was observed to depend on the amount of iodine in the diet or in the injected sample, no matter whether organic or inorganic, judging from the results of an additional experiment. Thus, we conclude that previously fed iodine-rich material, especially dietary seaweeds rich in iodine and other minerals, vitamins, and beta-carotene, such as kelps or laver supplemented with inorganic iodine, may be effective in prevention of internal radiation injury of the thyroid. PMID: 1344008
Biomed Environ Sci. 1991 Sep;4(3):273-82.
Suppression of radioactive strontium absorption by sodium alginate in animals and human subjects.
Gong YF, Huang ZJ, Qiang MY, Lan FX, Bai GA, Mao YX, Ma XP, Zhang FG.
Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
Abstract
The effect of 23 sodium alginate preparations from different species of algae (Sargassum sp.) and kelp (Laminaria sp.) on reducing the absorption of strontium was studied in detail. A pilot production procedure has been established. Na alginate from S. siliquastrum was proven to be a potent agent for reducing Sr absorption, with high efficiency and virtually no toxicity. It reduced the body burden of strontium 3.3-4.2 fold in rats. Strontium absorption in human subjects was reduced by 78% (+/- 8.9) or completely suppressed the increase of serum Sr at 2 h after ingestion of stable Sr in volunteers and decrease 24 h urine Sr to similar extent. No undesirable effects on gastrointestinal function was observed nor were Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn metabolism changed, both in the animal experiments and in human. It was concluded that alginate preparations derived from Sargassum species are a suitable antidote against radiostrontium absorption on a long-term basis, when added to bread at a 6% level. In cases of emergency, an alginate syrup preparation appears to be more suitable because of its rapid action. PMID: 1764217
Studies Associated with Pectin:
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Nov;1181:303-10. Institute of Radiation Safety (BELRAD), 2-nd Marusinsky St. 27, Minsk 220053, Belarus. anester@mail.ru Tens of thousands of Chernobyl children (mostly from Belarus) annually leave to receive treatment and health care in other countries. Doctors from many countries gratuitously work in the Chernobyl contaminated territories, helping to minimize the consequences of this most terrible technologic catastrophe in history. But the scale and spectrum of the consequences are so high, that no country in the world can cope alone with the long-term consequences of such a catastrophe as Chernobyl. The countries that have suffered the most, especially Ukraine and Belarus, extend gratitude for the help that has come through the United Nations and other international organizations, as well as from private funds and initiatives. Twenty-two years after the Chernobyl releases, the annual individual dose limit in heavily contaminated territories of Belarus, Ukraine, and European Russia exceed 1 mSv/year just because of the unavoidable consumption of locally contaminated products. The 11-year experience of the BELRAD Institute shows that for effective radiation protection it is necessary to establish the interference level for children at 30% of the official dangerous limit (i.e., 15-20 Bq/kg). The direct whole body counting measurements of Cs-137 accumulation in the bodies of inhabitants of the heavily contaminated Belarussian region shows that the official Dose Catalogue underestimates the annual dose burdens by three to eight times. For practical reasons the curative-like use of apple-pectin food additives might be especially helpful for effective decorporation of Cs-137. From 1996 to 2007 a total of more than 160,000 Belarussian children received pectin food additives during 18 to 25 days of treatment (5 g twice a day). As a result, levels of Cs-137 in children's organs decreased after each course of pectin additives by an average of 30 to 40%. Manufacture and application of various pectin-based food additives and drinks (using apples, currants, grapes, sea seaweed, etc.) is one of the most effective ways for individual radioprotection (through decorporation) under circumstances where consumption of radioactively contaminated food is unavoidable. PMID: 20002057 13. Decorporation of Chernobyl radionuclides.
Abstract
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2007;125(1-4):523-6. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
Studies on the current 137Cs body burden of children in Belarus--can the dose be further reduced?
Hill P, Schläger M, Vogel V, Hille R, Nesterenko AV, Nesterenko VB.
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany. p.hill@fz-juelich.de
Abstract
After the Chernobyl reactor accident wide areas of Belarus were contaminated with radioactive fallout. The verification and documentation of the long-term development of radiation doses is still going on. A population group of special concern are the children living in contaminated regions. The annual dose limit of 1 mSv is still exceeded in some cases, essentially due to high body burdens of 137Cs as indicated by screening measurements with portable incorporation monitors. In this situation the evaluation of possible dose reduction measures in addition to the control of food contamination is being investigated. Special attention is given to the therapeutic application of a pectin preparation (Vitapect), for which a dose-lowering effect is presumed by Belarusian scientists. In a placebo-controlled double-blind study, several groups of contaminated children received a pectin compound named Vitapect for a two-week period during their stay in a sanatorium. For comparison the same number of control groups were given a placebo preparation. The 137Cs body burden of the children was measured at the beginning and the end. The mean relative reduction of the specific activity within the Vitapect groups was found to be approximately 33%, whereas the specific activity of the children who received a placebo decreased only by approximately 14%, due to clean food supply. It is known that pectins chemically bind cations like cesium in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby increase faecal excretion. Theoretical calculations based on this assumption and considering metabolism processes are qualitatively consistent with the experimentally found retention of radiocesium in the human body after pectin treatment. PMID: 17314090
Lik Sprava. 1993 Jul;(8):21-4.
Pectin-containing products in the dietary nutrition of subjects exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station.
Bereza VIa, Chaialo PP, Iatsula GS, Shimelis IV, Protas AF.
Abstract
Effect of natural and enriched with pectin tanned fruits on radiation-induced metabolic disorders was studied in persons subjected to radiation due to Chernobyl accident. It was shown that products in question beneficially influenced blood antioxidant system as well as brought to the norm contents of triglicerides and albumins in patients with IIa and IV types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. PMID: 8079467
Studies Associated with NAC, Selenium, Vit. C & E, Lipoic acid and CoQ10 supplementation:
Radiat Res. 2010 Apr;173(4):462-8.
Antioxidant diet supplementation starting 24 hours after exposure reduces radiation lethality.
Brown SL, Kolozsvary A, Liu J, Jenrow KA, Ryu S, Kim JH.
Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. sbrown1@hfhs.org
Abstract Antioxidants mitigate radiation-induced lethality when started soon after radiation exposure, a delivery time that may not be practical due to difficulties in distribution and because the oral administration of such agents may require a delay beyond the prodromal stage of the radiation syndrome. We report the unexpected finding that antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after total-body irradiation resulted in better survival than antioxidant supplementation started soon after the irradiation. The antioxidant dietary supplement was l-selenomethionine, sodium ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, alpha-tocopherol succinate, and co-enzyme Q10. Total-body irradiation with 8 Gy in the absence of antioxidant supplementation was lethal by day 16. When antioxidant supplementation was started soon after irradiation, four of 14 mice survived. In contrast, 14 of 18 mice receiving antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after irradiation were alive and well 30 days later. The numbers of spleen colonies and blood cells were higher in mice receiving antioxidant supplementation starting 24 h after irradiation than in mice receiving radiation alone. A diet supplemented with antioxidants administered starting 24 h after total-body irradiation improved bone marrow cell survival and mitigated lethality, with a radiation protection factor of approximately 1.18. PMID: 20334518
Studies with RNA, Omega 3 Oils:
Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Oct;86(10):867-79.
Prophylactic feeding with immune-enhanced diet ameliorates chemoradiation-induced gastrointestinal injury in rats.
Atasoy BM, Deniz M, Dane F, Özen Z, Turan P, Ercan F, Çerikçioğlu N, Aral C, Akgün Z, Abacioğlu U, Yeğen BÇ.
Departments of Radiation Oncology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul. bmatasoy@yahoo.com
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of immune-enhanced diet (IED) on chemoradiation-induced injury of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (C, n=6), irradiation (IR, n=14), fluoropyrimidine (5-FU, n=14)-treated, IR + 5-FU (n=14)-treated groups. Half of each irradiated and/or 5-FU-treated groups were previously fed with IED containing arginine, omega-3-fatty acids and RNA fragments, while the other half were fed a standard rat diet (SD) for eight days before the induction of IR or injection of 5-FU. In IR groups, whole abdominal irradiation (11 Gy) was performed with 6 MV photons. In the 5-FU groups, fluoropyrimidine (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to irradiation. All animals were sacrificed on the 4th day of IR or 5-FU injection.
RESULTS: Bacterial colony counts in the ceca and mesenteric lymph nodes of IED-fed rats, which have received either 5-FU and/or irradiation were significantly lower than the corresponding SD-fed groups. Morphometric results revealed that gastric, ileal and colonic injuries were less in IED-treated IR or IR + 5-FU + IED groups, as compared to SD-fed groups. However, IED did not alter DNA fragmentation ratios.
CONCLUSION: Prophylactic feeding of IED has a protective effect on chemoradiation-induced gastrointestinal injury, which appears to involve the eradication of bacterial overgrowth. PMID: 20653343
Studies Associated with Calcium Intake (and therefore pertaining to Bone Meal supplementation):
Health Phys. 2004 Jun;86(6):557-64.
Dietary intakes of seven elements of importance in radiological protection by asian population: comparison with ICRP data.
Iyengar GV, Kawamura H, Dang HS, Parr RM, Wang J, Akhter P, Cho SY, Natera E, Miah FK, Dojosubroto J, Nguyen MS.
Nutrition and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. V.Iyengar@IAEA.org
Abstract
Within the framework of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, the daily dietary intakes of seven elements by adult populations living in nine Asian countries were estimated. The countries that participated in the study were Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK), and Vietnam and together they represented more than half of the world population. The seven elements studied were calcium, cesium, iodine, potassium, strontium, thorium, and uranium. These elements have chemical and biological similarity to some of the radionuclides abundantly encountered during nuclear power production and therefore data on these elements could provide important information on their biokinetic behavior. Analyses of diet samples for these seven elements were carried out using highly sensitive and reliable analytical techniques. One thousand one hundred and sixty analytical determinations were made on two hundred and twenty samples of typical diets consumed in these countries to estimate the daily intakes of these elements by the adult Asian population. The median daily dietary intakes for the adult Asian population were found to be 0.45 g calcium, 7 microg cesium, 90 microg iodine, 1.75 g potassium, 1.65 mg strontium, 1 microg thorium, and 1 microg uranium. When compared with the intakes proposed for ICRP Reference Man by International Commission for Radiological Protection, these intakes were lower by factors of 0.41 for calcium, 0.7 for cesium, 0.45 for iodine, 0.53 for potassium, 0.87 for strontium, 0.33 for thorium, and 0.52 for uranium. The lower daily intakes of calcium, cesium, and iodine by Asian population could be due to significantly lower consumption of milk and milk products, which are rich in these elements. The significantly lower intake of calcium in most of the Asian countries may lead to higher uptake of fission nuclide 90Sr and could result in perhaps higher internal radiation dose. The use of highly sensitive and reliable analytical methods resulted in accurate and lower intake values obtained for thorium and uranium, which suggest that radiation dose from their ingestion at natural background levels is likely to be lower than what may be concluded from ICRP data. PMID: 15167119
Health Phys. 2002 Jul;83(1):56-65.
Absorption of strontium from the gastrointestinal tract into plasma in healthy human adults.
Apostoaei AI.
SENES, Oak Ridge, Inc, TN 37830, USA. iulian@senes.com
Abstract
The radioactive isotopes of strontium have always been a major concern in radiation protection. Currently, radiostrontium is of interest for evaluation of the health effects of the Chernobyl accident and for epidemiological studies in populations exposed to releases from the Mayak nuclear facilities in Russia. Ingestion is one of the most important exposure pathways involving radioactive strontium. The main sources of published data on the fraction of the ingested strontium that is transferred to plasma (f1) are summarized. For some of these studies, the original data had to be reanalyzed and a new iterative method to account for the elimination in feces of strontium of endogenous origin (i.e., that was absorbed to blood and has already been returned into feces) was employed. Data indicate no significant dependence of the absorbed fraction on sex or age at exposure within the adult group, but absorption of (radioactive) strontium is reduced if the intake of stable calcium is very high and is enhanced if the intake of calcium is very low. The probability distribution function of f1 values is well represented by a lognormal curve with a geometric mean of 22.3% and a geometric standard deviation of 1.44 (95% confidence interval 10.9% to 45.6%, or about a factor of 2 around the geometric mean). This distribution can be considered representative for the variability of the f1 values in a population of healthy adults. PMID: 12075684
Melatonin:
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):639-53.
Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: a review.
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78229, USA. vijay@uthscsa.edu
Abstract Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), the chief secretory product of the pineal gland in the brain, is well known for its functional versatility. In hundreds of investigations, melatonin has been documented as a direct free radical scavenger and an indirect antioxidant, as well as an important immunomodulatory agent. The radical scavenging ability of melatonin is believed to work via electron donation to detoxify a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including the highly toxic hydroxyl radical. It has long been recognized that the damaging effects of ionizing radiation are brought about by both direct and indirect mechanisms. The direct action produces disruption of sensitive molecules in the cells, whereas the indirect effects ( approximately 70%) result from its interaction with water molecules, which results in the production of highly reactive free radicals such as *OH, *H, and e(aq)- and their subsequent action on subcellular structures. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of melatonin was used as a rationale to determine its radioprotective efficiency. Indeed, the results from many in vitro and in vivo investigations have confirmed that melatonin protects mammalian cells from the toxic effects of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, several clinical reports indicate that melatonin administration, either alone or in combination with traditional radiotherapy, results in a favorable efficacy:toxicity ratio during the treatment of human cancers. This article reviews the literature from laboratory investigations that document the ability of melatonin to scavenge a variety of free radicals (including the hydroxyl radical induced by ionizing radiation) and summarizes the evidence that should be used to design larger translational research-based clinical trials using melatonin as a radioprotector and also in cancer radiotherapy. The potential use of melatonin for protecting individuals from radiation terrorism is also considered. PMID: 15183467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Morinda: Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1991 Jul;11(7):415-7, 390. [Comparison with the pharmacological actions of Morinda officinalis, Damnacanthus officinarum and Schisandra propinqua]. [Article in Chinese] Qiao ZS, Wu H, Su ZW. College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai. Abstract There are three kinds of plants, Morinda officinalis (1), Damnacanthus officinarum (2), and Schisandra propinqua (3) whose roots have been used since the ancient time. In this paper, some of their pharmacological actions that are related to tonifying and invigorating Yang were examined and compared. The body weight, the thymus weight, the amount of leukocyte in the blood, and the continuing swimming times of the young mice could be increased with the oral administration of the water extractions of (1) and (2) (P less than 0.05-0.001). The Rt of M-receptor in the brains of the hypothyroidism mice were decreased after administration of the water extracts of (1) and (2) (P less than 0.05). (1) could also increased the amount of leukocyte in the blood of leukocytopenia mice caused by radiation of gamma-ray (P less than 0.01). (3) has not shown the obvious effects (P greater than 0.05). The results indicate that (1) and (2) have the ability of anti-fatigue, improving the immunological action of the young mice, and reducing the excitability of the para-sympathetic nervous system of the hypothyroidism mice through decreasing the Rt of M-receptor in their brains. All of them did not show acute toxicity, inducing mutation, and sexual hormone like actions. PMID: 1914038 Aloe: Georgian Med News. 2009 Jun;(171):80-3. [Radio protective drug production from fresh leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill]. [Article in Russian] Bakuridze AD, Nikolaev SM, Berashvili DT, Bakuridze KA, Tsomaia IV. Abstract Nowadays, phytogenous drugs are wildly used as radio protective substances. The aim of the research was to study radio protective characteristics of aloe juice fraction and to develop new technology for radio protective drug production. Technological scheme for getting the drug in two stages. The first stage - extraction of juice from fresh leaves; the second stage - extracting bagasse have been developed and optimal environment for bagasse extraction are defined: Infusion of bagasse with 96 % ethyl spirit (1:1) during 30 minutes, continuation of extracting with water on correlation to raw materials 10:1 at temperature of 70 degrees C during 30 minutes. For the basis of the first series of balanced loading there are taken the optimal parameters of extracting process, on the basis of which in its turn was developed technological scheme of getting dry extract of aloe. Dry extract is a fine-dispersed reddish-yellow (brownish-yellow) powder, which can be easily dissolved in warm (40-60 degrees C) water. Pharmacological researches were conducted in the Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian. Academy of Sciences. The remarkable radio protective effect of the drug was revealed. PMID: 19578223 Structured Water:
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2010 Feb 12;98(2):144-51. Epub 2009 Dec 5.
Laboratory of Cell-Death Control BioTechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562, Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.
Abstract The UVA-irradiation of 10 J/cm(2) on HaCaT keratinocytes increased 59.1% of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NBT assay and the cell viability decreased to 31.5% by WST-1 assay, comparing to the non-irradiated control. In the presence of fullerene-C60 (C60) incorporated in phospholipid membrane vehicle (LiposomeFullerene: Lpsm-Flln) of 250-500 ppm, they were restored to -9.1% to +2.3% of the ROS and 83.0-84.8% of the cell viability, but scarcely restored by the liposome without C60 (Lpsm). In HaCaT cells administered with Lpsm-Flln (150 ppm), C60 was ingested at the intracellular concentrations of 1.4-21.9 ppm for 4-24 h, and, intracellular C60 was excreted by 80% at 4h after rinsing-out, and decreased to 2-10% after 24-48 h. C60 was predominantly distributed around the outside of nuclear membrane without deterioration of intact cell morphology according to fluorescent immunostain. Thus Lpsm-Flln is found to be an effective antioxidant that could preserve HaCaT keratinocytes against UVA-induced cellular injury. Lpsm-Flln has a potential to serve as a cosmetic material for skin protection against UVA. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20060738 [PubMed - in process] J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2008 May;49(3):321-7. Epub 2008 Feb 16. Fullerenol C60(OH)24 effects on antioxidative enzymes activity in irradiated human erythroleukemia cell line. Bogdanović V, Stankov K, Icević I, Zikic D, Nikolić A, Solajić S, Djordjević A, Bogdanović G. Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Sremska, Kamenica, Serbia. Abstract Radiotherapy-induced toxicity is a major dose-limiting factor in anti-cancer treatment. Ionizing radiation leads to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that are associated with radiation-induced cell death. Investigations of biological effects of fullerenol have provided evidence for its ROS/RNS scavenger properties in vitro and radioprotective efficiency in vivo. Therefore we were interested to evaluate its radioprotective properties in vitro in the human erythroleukemia cell line. Pre-treatment of irradiated cells by fullerenol exerted statistically significant effects on cell numbers and the response of antioxidative enzymes to X-ray irradiation-induced oxidative stress in cells. Our study provides evidence that the pre-treatment with fullerenol enhanced the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in irradiated K562 cells. PMID: 18285660 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda):
JEM. 1917;25(5):693-719.
A study of the acidosis, blood urea, and plasma chlorides in uranium nephritis in the dog, and of the protective action of sodium bicarbonate.
Goto K.
Abstract Methods: The presence of an acidosis in dogs with experimental uranium nephritis is demonstrable by the Van Slyke-Stillman-Cullen method and that of Marriott. It is detected more readily by the former method. This acidosis is associated with increase in the blood urea and plasma chlorides and with the appearance of albumin and casts in the urine. Results: The oral administration of sodium bicarbonate diminishes the acidosis, the increase in plasma chlorides, the amount of albumin and casts in the urine, and, to a lesser degree, the increase in the blood urea following the administration of uranium. It also diminishes the severity of the changes produced by uranium in the kidneys. Conclusions: The oral administration of sodium bicarbonate to normal dogs raises the carbon dioxide content of the plasma as determined by the Van Slyke-Stillman-Cullen method, and reduces the nephrotoxicity associated with uranium exposure in dogs.
J Radiol. 1994 Nov;75(11):571-5.
[Management of accidental internal exposure].
[Article in French]
Abstract
Radionucleides can penetrate into the body via the lung, the digestive tract, wounds and sometimes through healthy skin. Once they have penetrated the body, they can either remain localized at the site of entry or be rapidly metabolized. The risk is late effects. Radioelements must be eliminated as rapidly as possible decreasing the exposure proportionally. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on early institution. Nevertheless, emergency intensive care or surgery may be required. As soon as possible, explorations must be carried out to evaluate the level of contamination (human spectrometry, radiotoxicological examinations) and to start treatment. Modalities include non-specific techniques (lavage, insolubilization, laxatives) and specific techniques such as complexation or isotopic dilution (iodine for iodine, Prussian blue for cesium, DTPA for plutonium, Diamox or sodium bicarbonate for uranium). Surgical cleaning of wounds and burns is an excellent means of decontamination. External contamination is often associated. Further contamination must be prevented immediately. PMID: 7844774
Int J Radiat Biol. 1995 Oct;68(4):389-93.
Efficacy of 3,4,3-LIHOPO for reducing the retention of uranium in rat after acute administration.
Henge-Napoli MH, Archimbaud M, Ansoborlo E, Metivier H, Gourmelon P.
Institute de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IPSN, Fontenay aux Roses, France.
Abstract
Decorporation therapy is the only known effective method of reducing the radiation dose to persons following accidental internal contamination with transportable radionuclides. Deposits of actinides in bone should be minimized because development of osteosarcoma appears to be related to internal exposure. In contrast with other actinides, such as plutonium or americium where chelating agent treatment is efficient, the therapeuric approaches used for cases of uranium contamination are widely ineffective. This is the first report on in vivo efficacy of a chelating agent, a siderophore analogue code named 3,4,3-LIHOPO, after systematic exposure to natural uranium in the rat. Using the classical antidotal therapy (sodium bicarbonate) for comparison, this ligand has been investigated for its ability to remove uranium from rats after intravenous or intramuscular injection as nitrate. Following an immediate single intramuscular or intravenous injection of 3,4,3-LIHOPO (30 mumol.kg-1) urinary excretion of uranium was greatly enhanced with a corresponding reduction 24 h later in kidney and bone uranium content (to about 20 and 50% of the control rat respectively). Under identical experimental conditions, sodium bicarbonate (640 mumol.kg-1) reduced the uranium content in kidney in kidney and bone only to about 90 and 70% of controls respectively, and there was less enhancement of uranium excretion. However, when treatment was delayed by 30 min and administered intraperitoneally, there was no marked difference in retention and excretion of uranium between the two compounds. As this ligand showed no apparent irreversible toxicity at effective dosages, it is concluded that the administration of the 3,4,3-LIHOPO chelating agent represents potentially a most significant advance for prompt treatment of uranium contamination, while a more detailed investigation is necessary on the possible advantage when treatment delayed. PMID: 7594963
Ann Pharm Fr. 1999 Sep;57(5):397-400.
[Reduction of renal uranium uptake by acetazolamide: the importance of urinary elimination of bicarbonate].
[Article in French]
Destombes C, Laroche P, Cazoulat A, Gérasimo P.
Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Clamart.
Abstract
Acetazolamide was compared with bicarbonate for the treatment of contamination with uranium. Uranium was injected peritoneally in rats, and its distribution was investigated. Acetazolamide was three times more efficient than bicarbonate in reducing the renal content of uranium. On the other hand, it had no effect on hepatic or skeletal content. In this study, renal physiology provides the basis for understanding the mode of action of acetazolamide and bicarbonate. In this context, it is of interest to determine the alkalinity of the urine, with the aim of knowing whether bicarbonate is present to mobilize uranium. PMID: 10520511
J Cell Physiol. 2005 Dec;205(3):428-36.
Alkaline induces metallothionein gene expression and potentiates cell proliferation in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Lin KA, Chen JH, Lee DF, Lin LY.
Institute of Radiation Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) gene expression is increased in cadmium resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO Cd(R)) upon medium (regular or serum-free) change during culturing. Among the major components of the medium, NaHCO3 was found to be able to induce MT gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The same effect was observed with other alkaline solutions, such as HEPES and NaOH. Using MT promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs, we found that the presence of metal response elements (MREs) in the promoter region is necessary for NaHCO3-induced MT gene transcription. This finding is further supported by the observation that the binding activity between the metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) and the MRE were increased after NaHCO3 treatment. Following NaHCO3 treatment, an increase in cell proliferation was observed in CdR cells but not in the parental CHO K1 cells that do not express MT transcripts due to MT gene methylation. Using synchronized cells, an increase in cell proliferation was observed 9 h after NaHCO3 addition. Notably, proliferation of CHO K1 cells was increased when transfected with an MT gene. The effect of MT on cell growth was affirmed by treating CHO K1 cells with 5-azacytidine (Aza) to demethylate the MT gene. Proliferation increased in Aza-treated CHO K1 cells after NaHCO3 treatment. These results demonstrate that NaHCO3 stimulates MT gene expression and causes an enhancement of cell proliferation in CHO cells. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 15965962
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 15;213(3):245-55. Epub 2006 Jan 4.
Effects of 12 metal ions on iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and HIF-regulated genes.
Li Q, Chen H, Huang X, Costa M.
Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, NY 10987, USA.
Abstract
Several metal ions that are carcinogenic affect cellular iron homeostasis by competing with iron transporters or iron-regulated enzymes. Some metal ions can mimic a hypoxia response in cells under normal oxygen tension, and induce expression of HIF-1alpha-regulated genes. This study investigated whether 12 metal ions altered iron homeostasis in human lung carcinoma A549 cells as measured by an activation of IRP-1 and ferritin level. We also studied hypoxia signaling by measuring HIF-1alpha protein levels, hypoxia response element (HRE)-driven luciferase reporter activity, and Cap43 protein level (an HIF-1alpha responsive gene). Our results show the following: (i) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), Mn(II), and to a lesser extent As(III) and Cu(II) activated the binding of IRP-1 to IRE after 24 h, while the other metal ions had no effect; (ii) 10 of 12 metal ions induced HIF-1alpha protein but to strikingly different degrees. Two of these metal ions, Al(III) and Cd(II), did not induce HIF-1alpha protein; however, as indicated below, only Ni(II), Co (II), and to lesser extent Mn(II) and V(V) activated HIF-1alpha-dependent transcription. The combined effects of both [Ni(II) + As(III)] and [Ni(II) + Cr(VI)] on HIF-1alpha protein were synergistic; (iii) Addition of Fe(II) with Ni(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI) attenuated the induction of HIF-1alpha after 4 h treatment; (iv) Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) significantly decrease ferritin level after 24 h exposure; (v) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), and Mn(II) activated HRE reporter gene after 20 h treatment; (vi) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), and Mn(II) increased the HIF-1-dependent Cap43 protein level after 24 h treatment. In conclusion, only Ni (II), Co (II), and to a lesser extent Mn(II) and V(V) significantly stabilized HIF-1alpha protein, activated IRP, decreased the levels of ferritin, induced the transcription of HIF-dependent reporter, and increased the expression of Cap43 protein levels (HIF-dependent gene). The mechanism for the significant stabilization and elevation of HIF-1alpha protein which drives these other parameters was previously shown by us and others to involve a loss of cellular Fe as well as inhibition of HIF-1alpha-dependent prolyl hydroxylases which target the binding of VHL ubiquitin ligase and degrade HIF-1alpha. Even though there were small effects of some of the other metals on IRP and HIF-1alpha, downstream effects of HIF-1alpha activation and therefore robust hypoxia signaling were only observed with Ni(II), Co(II), and to much lesser extents with Mn(II) and V(V) in human A549 lung cells. It is of interest that the metal ions that were most effective in activating hypoxia signaling were the ones that were poor inducers of metallothionein protein and also decreased Ferritin levels, since both of these proteins can bind metal ions and protect the cell against toxicity in human lung cells. It is important to study effects of these metals in human lung cells since this represents a major route of human environmental and occupational exposure to these metal ions. PMID: 16386771
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